Dr Pavel Kratina
Senior Lecturer in Ecology
School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences
Queen Mary University of London
Queen Mary University of London
Research
Climate warming, Biodiversity loss, Food webs, Network rewiring, Aquatic-terrestrial linkages, Diet tracing and stable isotopes
Interests
Our research evaluates the roles of multiple environmental perturbations (e.g. climate warming), foraging behavior, and other organismal traits on the complexity, structure, and dynamics of communities and ecosystems. We seek to develop a mechanistic understanding of processes that control species diversity and its consequences for ecosystem function and services. Our work spans a range of approaches to testing eco-evolutionary hypotheses, including manipulative experiments (in microcosms, chemostats, bromeliad phytotelmata, and mesocosms), theory, and integrative analysis of time series data from diverse natural systems such as ponds, lakes, estuaries, and tropical rain forests. Although we focus on aquatic food webs, the questions and approaches are broadly applicable across ecosystems.Publications
Publications of specific relevance to the Centre for Evolutionary and Functional Genomics2024
Rodrigues T, Kratina P, Setubal RB, Ferro JLS, Abe DH, Costa LO, Nova CC, Farjalla VF and Pires APF (2024). Interaction Between Climate Change Scenarios and Biological Invasion Reveals Complex Cascading Effects in Freshwater Ecosystems. Global Change Biology, Wiley vol. 30 (10), e17540-e17540. 22-10-2024
Moi DA, Kaufmann PR, Riato L, Romero GQ, Kratina P, de Mello FT and Hughes RM (2024). Habitat Diversity Mitigates the Impacts of Human Pressure on Stream Biodiversity. Global Change Biology, Wiley vol. 30 (10), e17534-e17534. 16-10-2024
Deeks E, Magalhães K, Traganos D, Ward R, Normande I, Dawson TP and Kratina P (2024). Seagrass mapping of north-eastern Brazil using Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-2 imagery. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, Elsevier, 100489-100489. 26-09-2024
Ewers RM, Orme CDL, Pearse WD, Zulkifli N, Yvon-Durocher G, Yusah KM, Yoh N, Yeo DCJ, Wong A, Williamson J, Wilkinson CL, Wiederkehr F, Webber BL, Wearn OR, Wai L, Vollans M, Twining JP, Turner EC, Tobias JA, Thorley J, et al. (2024). Thresholds for adding degraded tropical forest to the conservation estate. Nature, Springer Nature vol. 631 (8022), 808-813. 17-07-2024
Martínez Rodríguez A, Kratina P and Jones JI (2024). Microplastic pollution and nutrient enrichment shift the diet of freshwater macroinvertebrates. Environmental Pollution, Elsevier vol. 359 14-07-2024
Saito VS, Kratina P, Barbosa G, Ferreira FC, Leal JB, Zemelka G, Sarmento H and Perkins DM (2024). Untangling the complex food webs of tropical rainforest streams. Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley vol. 93 (8), 1022-1035. 07-06-2024
Neves MP, de Arruda Amorim JP, Delariva RL, Kratina P and Fialho CB (2024). Linking anatomical and histological traits of the digestive tract to resource consumption and assimilation of omnivorous tetra fishes. Ecology and Evolution, Wiley vol. 14 (5) 01-05-2024
Deeks E, Kratina P, Normande I, Da Silva Cerqueira A and Dawson T (2024). Proximity to freshwater and seagrass availability mediate the impacts of climate change on the distribution of the West Indian manatee. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Mammals, Sociedad Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Mamiferos Acuaticos (SOLAMAC) 22-02-2024
2023
Neves MP, Delariva RL, Perkins DM, Fialho CB and Kratina P (2023). Trophic plasticity of omnivorous fishes in natural and human‐dominated landscapes. Limnology and Oceanography, Wiley vol. 69 (1), 189-202. 27-11-2023
Martínez Rodríguez A, Marchant DJ, Francelle P, Kratina P and Jones JI (2023). Nutrient enrichment mediates the effect of biodegradable and conventional microplastics on macroinvertebrate communities. Environmental Pollution, Elsevier vol. 337 15-11-2023
Nash LN, Kratina P, Recalde FC, Jones JI, Izzo T and Romero GQ (2023). Tropical and temperate differences in the trophic structure and aquatic prey use of riparian predators. Ecology Letters, Wiley 09-10-2023
Nash LN, Zorzetti LW, Antiqueira PAP, Carbone C, Romero GQ and Kratina P (2023). Latitudinal patterns of aquatic insect emergence driven by climate. Global Ecology and Biogeography 05-05-2023
Moi DA, Barrios M, Tesitore G, Burwood M, Romero GQ, Mormul RP, Kratina P, Juen L, Michelan TS, Montag LFA, Cruz GM, García-Girón J, Heino J, Hughes RM, Figueiredo BRS and Teixeira de Mello F (2023). Human land-uses homogenize stream assemblages and reduce animal biomass production. Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley 11-04-2023
Vad CF, Hanny-Endrédi A, Kratina P, Abonyi A, Mironova E, Murray DS, Samchyshyna L, Tsakalakis I, Smeti E, Spatharis S, Tan H, Preiler C, Petrusek A, Bengtsson MM and Ptacnik R (2023). Spatial insurance against a heatwave differs between trophic levels in experimental aquatic communities. Global Change Biology, Wiley 07-04-2023
Marchant D, Martinez Rodriguez A, Francelle P, Jones J and Kratina P (2023). Contrasting the effects of microplastic types, concentrations and nutrient enrichment on freshwater communities and ecosystem functioning. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, Elsevier vol. 255 28-03-2023
Kemp VA, Grey J, Hemprich-Bennett D, Rossiter SJ, Lewis OT, Wilkinson CL, Clare EL and Kratina P (2023). Changes in trophic ecology of mobile predators in response to rainforest degradation. Journal of Applied Ecology, Wiley 21-03-2023
Progênio M, Antiqueira PAP, Oliveira FR, Meira BR, Lansac-Tôha FM, Rodrigues LC, Romero GQ, Nash LN, Kratina P and Velho LFM (2023). Effects of warming on the structure of aquatic communities in tropical bromeliad microecosystems. Ecology and Evolution, Wiley Open Access vol. 13 (2) 22-02-2023
2022
Marsh JE, Jones JI, Lauridsen RB, Grace JB and Kratina P (2022). Direct and indirect influences of macrophyte cover on abundance and growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Freshwater Biology, Wiley 19-08-2022
Moi DA, Lansac-Tôha FM, Romero GQ, Sobral-Souza T, Cardinale BJ, Kratina P, Perkins DM, Teixeira de Mello F, Jeppesen E, Heino J, Lansac-Tôha FA, Velho LFM and Mormul RP (2022). Human pressure drives biodiversity–multifunctionality relationships in large Neotropical wetlands. Nature Ecology and Evolution, Nature Research 04-08-2022
Srivastava DS, MacDonald AAM, Pillar VD, Kratina P, Debastiani VJ, Guzman LM, Trzcinski M, Dézerald O, Barberis IM, de Omena PM, Romero GQ, Ospina-Bautista F, Marino NAC, Leroy C, Farjalla VF, Richardson BA, Gonçalves AZ, Corbara B, Petermann JS, Richardson MJ, et al. (2022). Geographical variation in the trait-based assembly patterns of multitrophic invertebrate communities. Functional Ecology, Wiley 09-06-2022
Romero GQ, Gonçalves-Souza T, Roslin T, Marquis RJ, Marino NAC, Novotny V, Cornelissen T, Orivel J, Sui S, Aires G, Antoniazzi R, Dáttilo W, Breviglieri CPB, Busse A, Gibb H, Izzo TJ, Kadlec T, Kemp V, Kersch-Becker M, Knapp M, et al. (2022). Climate variability and aridity modulate the role of leaf shelters for arthropods: a global experiment. Global Change Biology, Wiley 04-03-2022
Pereira CC, Novais S, Barbosa M, Negreiros D, Gonçalves-Souza T, Roslin T, Marquis R, Marino N, Novotny V, Orivel J, Sui S, Aires G, Antoniazzi R, Dáttilo W, Breviglieri C, Busse A, Gibb H, Izzo T, Kadlec T, Kemp V, et al. (2022). Subtle structures with not-so-subtle functions: A data set of arthropod constructs and their host plants. Ecology, e3639-e3639. 21-01-2022
Kratina P, Rosenbaum B, Gallo B, Horas EL and O’Gorman EJ (2022). The Combined Effects of Warming and Body Size on the Stability of Predator-Prey Interactions. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution vol. 9 05-01-2022
2021
Moi DA, Romero GQ, Jeppesen E, Kratina P, Alves DC, Antiqueira PAP, Teixeira de Mello F, Figueiredo BRS, Bonecker CC, Pires APF, Braghin LSM and Mormul RP (2021). Regime shifts in a shallow lake over 12 years: consequences for taxonomic and functional diversity, and ecosystem multifunctionality. Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley 25-12-2021
Burian A, Pinn D, Peralta-Maraver I, Sweet M, Mauvisseau Q, Eyice O, Bulling M, Röthig T and Kratina P (2021). Predation increases multiple components of microbial diversity in activated sludge communities. The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, Oxford University Press (OUP) vol. 16 (4), 1086-1094. 01-12-2021
Marchant DJ, Iwan Jones J, Zemelka G, Eyice O and Kratina P (2021). Do microplastics mediate the effects of chemicals on aquatic organisms? Aquatic Toxicology, Elsevier vol. 242 24-11-2021
Marsh JE, Lauridsen RB, Gregory SD, Kratina P, Scott LJ, Cooling D and Jones JI (2021). High summer macrophyte cover increases abundance, growth, and feeding of juvenile Atlantic salmon. Ecol Appl, e02492-e02492. 13-11-2021
Hemprich-Bennett DR, Kemp VA, Blackman J, Lewis OT, Struebig MJ, Bernard H, Kratina P, Rossiter SJ and Clare EL (2021). Selective Logging Shows No Impact on the Dietary Breadth of a Generalist Bat Species: The Fawn Leaf-Nosed Bat (Hipposideros cervinus). Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution vol. 9, 750269-750269. 20-10-2021
Romero GQ, Moi DA, Nash LN, Antiqueira PAP, Mormul RP and Kratina P (2021). Pervasive decline of subtropical aquatic insects over 20 years driven by water transparency, non-native fish and stoichiometric imbalance. Biology Letters, Royal Society, The vol. 17 (6), 20210137-20210137. 09-06-2021
Nash LN, Antiqueira PAP, Romero GQ, de Omena PM and Kratina P (2021). Warming of aquatic ecosystems disrupts aquatic-terrestrial linkages in the tropics. Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley 06-05-2021
Wilkinson CL, Chua KWJ, Fiala R, Liew JH, Kemp V, Fikri AH, Ewers RM, Kratina P and Yeo DCJ (2021). Forest Conversion to Oil Palm Compresses Food Chain Length in Tropical Streams. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America vol. 102 (2) 01-04-2021
Tan H, Hirst AG, Atkinson D and Kratina P (2021). Body size and shape responses to warming and resource competition. Functional Ecology 19-03-2021
Neves MP, Kratina P, Delariva RL, Jones JI and Fialho CB (2021). Seasonal feeding plasticity can facilitate coexistence of dominant omnivores in Neotropical streams. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 06-03-2021
Peralta-Maraver I, Stubbington R, Arnon S, Kratina P, Krause S, de Mello Cionek V, Leite NK, da Silva ALL, Thomaz SM, Posselt M, Milner VS, Momblanch A, Moretti MS, Nóbrega RLB, Perkins DM, Petrucio MM, Reche I, Saito V, Sarmento H, Strange E, et al. (2021). The riverine bioreactor: An integrative perspective on biological decomposition of organic matter across riverine habitats. Science of the Total Environment, Elsevier vol. 772 01-02-2021
Saito VS, Perkins DM and Kratina P (2021). A Metabolic Perspective of Stochastic Community Assembly. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, Elsevier 31-01-2021
2020
Guzman LM, Trzcinski MK, Barberis IM, Céréghino R, Srivastava DS, Gilbert B, Pillar VD, de Omena PM, MacDonald AAM, Corbara B, Leroy C, Ospina Bautista F, Romero GQ, Kratina P, Debastiani VJ, Gonįalves AZ, Marino NAC, Farjalla VF, Richardson BA, Richardson MJ, et al. (2020). Climate influences the response of community functional traits to local conditions in bromeliad invertebrate communities. Ecography vol. 44 (3), 440-452. 26-11-2020
Wilkinson CL, Chua KWJ, Fiala R, Liew JH, KEMP V, Fikri AH, Ewers RM, Kratina P and Yeo DCJ (2020). Forest conversion to oil palm compresses food chain length in tropical streams. Ecology, Ecological Society of America 24-09-2020
Romero GQ, Marino NAC, MacDonald AAM, Céréghino R, Trzcinski MK, Mercado DA, Leroy C, Corbara B, Farjalla VF, Barberis IM, Dézerald O, Hammill E, Atwood TB, Piccoli GCO, Bautista FO, Carrias J-F, Leal JS, Montero G, Antiqueira PAP, Freire R, et al. (2020). Extreme rainfall events alter the trophic structure in bromeliad tanks across the Neotropics. Nature Communications, Nature Research (part of Springer Nature) vol. 11 (1), 3215-3215. 25-06-2020
Bernhardt JR, Kratina P, Pereira A, Tamminen M, Thomas MK and Narwani A (2020). The evolution of competitive ability for essential resources. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Royal Society, The 23-03-2020
Lewington‐Pearce L, Parker B, Narwani A, Nielsen J and Kratina P (2020). Diversity and temperature indirectly reduce CO2 concentrations in experimental freshwater communities. Oecologia, Springer Verlag 16-01-2020
2019
Marsh JE, Lauridsen RB, Gregory SD, Beaumont WRC, Scott LJ, Kratina P and Jones JI (2019). Above parr: Lowland river habitat characteristics associated with higher juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and brown trout (S. trutta) densities. Ecology of Freshwater Fish, Wiley 17-12-2019
Evans LE, Hirst AG, Kratina P and Beaugrand G (2019). Temperature‐mediated changes in zooplankton body size: large scale temporal and spatial analysis. Ecography, Wiley vol. 43 (4), 581-590. 09-12-2019
Marino NAC, Céréghino R, Gilbert B, Petermann JS, Srivastava DS, Omena PM, Bautista FO, Guzman LM, Romero GQ, Trzcinski MK, Barberis IM, Corbara B, Debastiani VJ, Dézerald O, Kratina P, Leroy C, MacDonald AAM, Montero G, Pillar VD, Richardson BA, et al. (2019). Species niches, not traits, determine abundance and occupancy patterns: A multi‐site synthesis. Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley 10-11-2019
Rossberg AG, Gaedke U and Kratina P (2019). Dome patterns in pelagic size spectra reveal strong trophic cascades. Nature Communications, Nature Research (part of Springer Nature) vol. 10 (1), 4396-4396. 27-09-2019
Kratina P, Watts TJ, Green DS, Kordas RL and O'Gorman EJ (2019). Interactive effects of warming and microplastics on metabolism but not feeding rates of a key freshwater detritivore. Environmental Pollution, Elsevier BV vol. 255, 113259-113259. 16-09-2019
Ladino G, Ospina‐Bautista F, Estévez Varón J, Jerabkova L and Kratina P (2019). Ecosystem services provided by bromeliad plants: A systematic review. Ecology and Evolution, Wiley 29-05-2019
Lewington‐Pearce L, Narwani A, Thomas MK, Kremer CT, Vogler H and Kratina P (2019). Temperature‐dependence of minimum resource requirements alters competitive hierarchies in phytoplankton. Oikos, Wiley vol. 128 (8), 1194-1205. 04-04-2019
Price E, Sertić Perić M, Romero G and KRATINA P (2019). Land use alters trophic redundancy and resource flow through stream food webs. Journal of Animal Ecology, Wiley 03-02-2019
Pennekamp F, Iles AC, Garland J, Brennan G, Brose U, Gaedke U, Jacob U, KRATINA P, Matthews B, Munch S, Novak M, Palamara GM, Rall BC, Rosenbaum B, Tabi A, Ward C, Williams R, Ye H and Petchey OL (2019). The intrinsic predictability of ecological time series and its potential to guide forecasting. Ecological Monographs, Ecological Society of America 23-01-2019
2018
Romero GQ, Gonclaves-Souza T, KRATINA P, Marino NAC, Petry WK, Sobral-Souza T and Roslin T (2018). Global predation pressure redistribution under future climate change. Nature Climate Change, Nature Research 26-11-2018
Hammill E, Hawkins CP, Greig HS, KRATINA P, Shurin JB and Atwood TB (2018). Landscape heterogeneity strengthens the relationship between β-diversity and ecosystem function. Ecology, Ecological Society of America 05-10-2018
Ma A, Bohan DA, Canard E, Derocles SAP, Gray C, Lu X, Macfadyen S, Romero GQ and Kratina P (2018). A Replicated Network Approach to ‘Big Data’ in Ecology. Advances in Ecological Research 20-06-2018
Céréghino R, Pillar VD, Srivastava DS, de Omena PM, MacDonald AAM, Barberis IM, Corbara B, Guzman LM, Leroy C, Ospina Bautista F, Romero GQ, Trzcinski MK, Kratina P, Debastiani VJ, Gonçalves AZ, Marino NAC, Farjalla VF, Richardson BA, Richardson MJ, Dézerald O, et al. (2018). Constraints on the functional trait space of aquatic invertebrates in bromeliads., Editors: Killen S. Functional Ecology 19-06-2018
Worischka S, Richter L, Hänig A, Hellmann C, Becker J, KRATINA P and Winkelmann C (2018). Food consumption of the invasive amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus in field mesocosms and its effects on leaf decomposition and periphyton. Aquatic Invasions, Regional Euro-Asian Biological Invasions Centre (REABIC) 18-02-2018
2017
Nielsen JM, Clare EL, Hayden B, Brett MT and KRATINA P (2017). Diet tracing in ecology: method comparison and selection. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, Wiley 26-09-2017
KRATINA P, Petermann J, Marino NAC, MacDonald AAM and Srivastava DS (2017). Environmental control of the microfaunal community structure in tropical bromeliads. Ecology and Evolution, Wiley 09-02-2017
2015
Atwood TB, Hammill E, Kratina P, Greig HS, Shurin JB and Richardson JS (2015). Warming alters food web-driven changes in the CO01-12-2015
Petermann JS, Kratina P, Marino NAC, MacDonald AAM and Srivastava DS (2015). Resources Alter the Structure and Increase Stochasticity in Bromeliad Microfauna Communities. PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science (PLoS) vol. 10 (3) 16-03-2015
Hammill E, Kratina P, Vos M, Petchey OL and Anholt BR (2015). Food web persistence is enhanced by non-trophic interactions. Oecologia, Springer Nature vol. 178 (2), 549-556. 06-02-2015
Kratina P and Winder M (2015). Biotic invasions can alter nutritional composition of zooplankton communities. Oikos, Wiley vol. 124 (10), 1337-1345. 06-02-2015
Petermann JS, Farjalla VF, Jocque M, Kratina P, MacDonald AAM, Marino NAC, de Omena PM, Piccoli GCO, Richardson BA, Richardson MJ, Romero GQ, Videla M and Srivastava DS (2015). Dominant predators mediate the impact of habitat size on trophic structure in bromeliad invertebrate communities. Ecology, Wiley vol. 96 (2), 428-439. 01-02-2015
DeLong JP, Gilbert B, Shurin JB, Savage VM, Barton BT, Clements CF, Dell AI, Greig HS, Harley CDG, Kratina P, McCann KS, Tunney TD, Vasseur DA and O'Connor MI (2015). The body size dependence of trophic cascades. The American Naturalist, University of Chicago Press vol. 185 (3), 354-366. 27-01-2015
2014
LeCraw RM, Kratina P and Srivastava DS (2014). Food web complexity and stability across habitat connectivity gradients. Oecologia vol. 176 (4), 903-915. 01-12-2014
Vasseur DA, Fox JW, Gonzalez A, Adrian R, Beisner BE, Helmus MR, Johnson C, Kratina P, Kremer C, de Mazancourt C, Miller E, Nelson WA, Paterson M, Rusak JA, Shurin JB and Steiner CF (2014). Synchronous dynamics of zooplankton competitors prevail in temperate lake ecosystems. Proc Biol Sci vol. 281 (1788) 07-08-2014
Vasseur DA (2014). Synchronous dynamics of zooplankton competitors prevail in temperate lake ecosystems. Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society vol. 281 (1788) 07-08-2014
Gilbert B, Tunney TD, Mccann KS, Delong JP, Vasseur DA, Savage V, Shurin JB, Dell AI, Barton BT, Harley CD, Kharouba HM, Kratina P, Blanchard JL, Clements C, Winder M, Greig HS and O'Connor MI (2014). A bioenergetic framework for the temperature dependence of trophic interactions. Ecology Letters 01-01-2014
Kratina P, Mac Nally R, Kimmerer WJ, Thomson JR and Winder M (2014). Human-induced biotic invasions and changes in plankton interaction networks. Journal of Applied Ecology vol. 51 (4), 1066-1074. 01-01-2014
2013
Atwood TB, Hammill E, Greig HS, Kratina P, Shurin JB, Srivastava DS and Richardson JS (2013). Predator-induced reduction of freshwater carbon dioxide emissions. Nature Geoscience vol. 6 (3), 191-194. 01-03-2013
Srivastava DS and Kratina P (2013). Is dispersal limitation more prevalent in the ocean? Oikos vol. 122 (2), 298-300. 01-02-2013
2012
Shurin JB, Clasen JL, Greig HS, Kratina P and Thompson PL (2012). Warming shifts top-down and bottom-up control of pond food web structure and function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci vol. 367 (1605), 3008-3017. 05-11-2012
Kratina P, Greig HS, Thompson PL, Carvalho-Pereira TSA and Shurin JB (2012). Warming modifies trophic cascades and eutrophication in experimental freshwater communities. Ecology vol. 93 (6), 1421-1430. 01-06-2012
Ingram T, Svanbäck R, Kraft NJB, Kratina P, Southcott L and Schluter D (2012). Intraguild predation drives evolutionary niche shift in threespine stickleback. Evolution vol. 66 (6), 1819-1832. 01-06-2012
Greig HS, Kratina P, Thompson PL, Palen WJ, Richardson JS and Shurin JB (2012). Warming, eutrophication, and predator loss amplify subsidies between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Global Change Biology vol. 18 (2), 504-514. 01-02-2012
Kratina P, LeCraw RM, Ingram T and Anholt BR (2012). Stability and persistence of food webs with omnivory: Is there a general pattern? Ecosphere vol. 3(6) 01-01-2012
2010
Kratina P, Hammill E and Anholt BR (2010). Stronger inducible defences enhance persistence of intraguild prey. J Anim Ecol vol. 79 (5), 993-999. 01-09-2010
Hammill E, Kratina P, Beckerman AP and Anholt BR (2010). Precise time interactions between behavioural and morphological defences. Oikos vol. 119 (3), 494-499. 01-03-2010
2009
Kratina P, Vos M, Bateman A and Anholt BR (2009). Functional responses modified by predator density. Oecologia vol. 159 (2), 425-433. 01-03-2009
Hammill E, Kratina P and Anholt BR (2009). Non-lethal presence of predators modifies morphology and movement rates in Euplotes. Hydrobiologia vol. 621 (1), 183-189. 01-03-2009
2007
Kratina P, Vos M and Anholt BR (2007). Species diversity modulates predation. Ecology vol. 88 (8), 1917-1923. 01-08-2007
Grants
Predicting the Impacts of Global Environmental Change on Ecological NetworksAthen Ma, Vito Latora and Pavel Kratina
£389,809 NERC Natural Environment Research Council (01-06-2024 - 31-05-2027)
Preventing Plastic Pollution: a catchment based approach to plastic pollution (Interreg Proposal)John Jones, Ozge Eyice-Broadbent, Kate Spencer, Pavel Kratina, China Hanson and John Murphy
£1,800,303 EU European Commission - Other (01-01-2020 - 31-03-2023)