Research
Functional Materials, Superhydrophobic, Coatings, Surface Functionalisation, Sustainable Materials, Antifouling
Interests
The Crick Research Group champions an applied science approach aimed at the fabrication of materials through the specific engineering of surface morphology and chemistry. The areas of interest encompassed by this research extend widely, but the principal fields are summarised below.
Superhydrophobic Materials
Superhydrophobic (highly water repellent) materials have a range of applications areas, including; self-cleaning, antifouling, drag-reduction, and water/ice repulsion, in addition to many others. They are fabricated by combining inherently water repellent (non-polar) surface chemistry and an intense surface roughness (at the micro/nanoscale). Key areas of investigation include:
The maximisation of water repelling properties and physical resilience.
The demonstration of long-term biocide-free antifouling and drag reducing properties.
Generate superhydrophobic materials for real-world implementation.
Novel Coating Processes
The Crick group possess specialisation in a range of materials fabrication and coating technologies, which are utilised in a range of ongoing research projects. However, investigative flexibility remains central to the group’s ethos, with time dedicated toward generating completely new processes. This is particularly the case when manufacturing surface coatings. Whereby the development of optimal functional properties may require novel procedures to be developed.
A recent example of a novel fabrication method developed by the group involves the room temperature CVD of polymers (
doi.org/10.1039/C9TA01379B).
Advanced Materials Characterisation
The production of materials with specialised surface chemistries/morphologies requires advanced characterisation for successful validation. The group have a track record of employing a range of imaging, microscopy, and spectroscopic techniques, the utilisation of which is dependant on the materials being investigated. This also involves the development of novel characterisation methodologies.
Recent examples include the characterisation of superhydrophobic materials using water bouncing (
doi.org/10.1039/C1CC14749H) and shear stress measurements (
doi.org/10.1039/C7TA10510J).
Sensor Materials
The architecture of any material, particularly at small length scales (micro/nanoscale), can induce functional properties (exemplified by superhydrophobicity). Plasmonic materials are an area of research where functionality is linked directly to material dimensions. One of the best-known examples of plasmonic materials is gold, whereby a variation in length scale changes the optical properties of the material substantially (from appearing yellow in the bulk, turning purple/blue at the nanoscale). Plasmonic materials have many applications, with molecular sensing being one of these. The Crick group utilise their expertise in morphological manipulation to generate targeted plasmonic behaviour and develop sensor substrates.
Publications

Publications of specific relevance to the Centre for Sustainable Engineering
2025
Metal-Free and Degradable Photocatalyst for Water Decontamination: An Innovative Application for High-Sulfur Content PolymersDiniz V Resendiz-Diaz B Crick CR
Acs Omega,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 10 (42), 49744-49757.
17-10-2025
Inverse vulcanized sulfur polymers: A greener and cost-effective alternative to conventional polymers - A cradle-to-gate life cycle analysisDiniz V Mohamud A Rahman FT Rana HT Ogunwoolu NA Crick CR
Journal of Cleaner Production,
Elsevier vol. 524
01-09-2025
The Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Coatings Using Food‐Grade Wax DispersionsResendiz‐Diaz B Sadler E Schwikkard S Bear JC Crick CR
Advanced Materials Interfaces,
Wiley vol. 12 (12)
07-05-2025
Slip length and drag reduction of superhydrophobic surfaces in shear-thinning fluid flowsZhang L Zhou W Crick CR
Journal of Colloid and Interface Science,
Elsevier vol. 685, 468-475.
20-01-2025
The Fabrication of Fluorine‐Free Stretchable Superhydrophobic Films Using Inverse Vulcanization Sulfur PolymerDiniz V Pugno NM Crick CR
Advanced Materials Interfaces,
Wiley vol. 12 (10)
16-01-2025
Optimizing Superhydrophobic Coatings: The Role of Catalysts, Additives, and Composition on UV and Thermal Stability of Inverse Vulcanization PolymersDiniz V Rath S
Acs Applied Polymer Materials,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 7 (2), 567-572.
06-01-2025
Intelligent manipulation of liquids through the bio-inspired structuring of materialsZhang C Wang L Crick CR Lu Y
Progress in Materials Science,
Elsevier vol. 147
01-01-20252024
UV-stable photoactive superhydrophobic coatings utilizing “inverse vulcanization” sulfur polymersDiniz V Bear JC Rath S
Surfaces and Interfaces,
Elsevier vol. 51, 104691-104691.
29-06-2024
Porous sulfur polymers for effective aqueous-phase organic contaminant removalDiniz V Bear JC Rath S
Scientific Reports,
Springer Nature vol. 14 (1)
07-04-2024
The fabrication of robust and highly efficient oil–water separation filters via the high temperature sintering of silica micropowerSadler E Crick CR
Rsc Advances,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 14 (19), 13489-13493.
01-01-20242023
Polymer-dominant drag reduction in turbulent channel flow over a superhydrophobic surfaceZhang L Garcia-Gonzalez RI Crick CR
Physics of Fluids,
Aip Publishing vol. 35 (12)
01-12-2023
Investigating bio-based solvents as a sustainable alternative in the formulation and fabrication of superhydrophobic surfacesGarcia-Gonzalez RI Crick CR
Aip Advances,
Aip Publishing vol. 13 (10)
01-10-2023
Synthesis and characterization of TiO2-carbon filter materials for water decontamination by adsorption-degradation processesDiniz V Crick CR Rath S
Journal of Environmental Management,
Elsevier vol. 346
14-09-2023
In situ monitor of superhydrophobic surface degradation to predict its drag reduction in turbulent flowZhang L Crick CR
Applied Physics Letters,
Aip Publishing vol. 123 (6)
07-08-2023
Engineering Biofouling Resistant Materials Through the Systematic Adaptation of Surface MorphologySadler E Stephen AS Allaker RP Crick CR
Advanced Materials Interfaces vol. 10 (12)
24-04-20232022
Robust and durable liquid-repellent surfaces.Chen F Wang Y Tian Y Zhang D Song J Crick CR Carmalt CJ Parkin IP et al.
Chemical Society Reviews,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 51 (20), 8476-8583.
03-10-2022
Surface Tension and Viscosity Dependence of Slip Length over Irregularly Structured Superhydrophobic SurfacesZhang L Mehanna YA Crick CR
Langmuir,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 38 (39), 11873-11881.
20-09-2022
Study on the Influence of Polymer/Particle Properties on the Resilience of Superhydrophobic CoatingsMehanna YA Crick CR
Acs Omega,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 7 (21), 18052-18062.
18-05-2022
Investigating the viability of sulfur polymers for the fabrication of photoactive, antimicrobial, water repellent coatingsUpton RL Dop RA Sadler E Lunt AM Neill DR Hasell T Crick CR
Journal of Materials Chemistry B,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 10 (22), 4153-4162.
01-01-20222021
Image analysis methodology for a quantitative evaluation of coating abrasion resistanceMehanna YA Crick CR
Applied Materials Today,
Elsevier vol. 25
01-12-2021
Carbon Nanofiber/SiO2 Nanoparticle/HDPE Composites as Physically Resilient and Submersible Water-Repellent Coatings on HDPE SubstratesUpton RL Fedosyuk A
Acs Applied Nano Materials,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 4 (10), 10090-10102.
24-09-2021
Suction or gravity-fed oil-water separation using PDMS-coated glass filtersSadler E Crick CR
Sustainable Materials and Technologies,
Elsevier vol. 29
01-09-2021
The challenges, achievements and applications of submersible superhydrophobic materialsMehanna YA Sadler E Upton RL Kempchinsky AG Lu Y Crick CR
Chemical Society Reviews,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 50 (11), 6569-6612.
01-01-20212020
Heat-Treated Micronized Polyethylene Powder for Efficient Oil/Water Separating FiltersMehanna YA
Materials,
Mdpi vol. 13 (14)
15-07-2020
Pigmented self-cleaning coatings with enhanced UV resilience via the limitation of photocatalytic activity and its effectsUpton RL
Molecular Systems Design && Engineering,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 5 (4), 876-881.
26-02-2020
A general formulation approach for the fabrication of water repellent materials: how composition can impact resilience and functionalityUpton RL Davies-Manifold Z Marcello M Crick CR
Molecular Systems Design & Engineering,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 5 (2), 477-483.
01-01-20202019
Highly rough surface coatings via the ambient temperature deposition of thermosetting polymersMehanna YA Upton RL Crick CR
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 7 (13), 7333-7337.
04-03-20192018
Evaluating the resilience of superhydrophobic materials using the slip-length conceptXu H Crick CR
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry vol. 6 (10), 4458-4465.
14-03-20182017
Covalently Attached Antimicrobial Surfaces Using BODIPY: Improving Efficiency and EffectivenessPeveler WJ Noimark S Al-Azawi H Hwang GB Allan E Edel JB
Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 10 (1), 98-104.
19-12-2017
Low-Noise Plasmonic Nanopore Biosensors for Single Molecule Detection at Elevated TemperaturesCrick CR Albella P Kim H-J Ivanov AP Edel JB
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 4 (11), 2835-2842.
16-10-2017
Engineering functional polymer coatings through the modification of morphology and surface chemistryCrick C
ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. vol. 254
01-01-20172016
Chapter 9 Low Noise Nanopore Platforms Optimised for the Synchronised Optical and Electrical Detection of BiomoleculesPitchford WH Crick CR Kim H-J Kim H-M Yu J-S Albrecht T
In
Nanofluidics,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) 270-300.
11-11-2016
Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging.Crick CR Noimark S Peveler WJ Bear JC Edel JB
Journal of Visualized Experiments,
Myjove (113)
19-07-2016
Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence ImagingCrick CR Noimark S Peveler WJ Bear JC
Journal of Visualized Experiments,
Myjove (113)
19-07-2016
On-Demand Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Using Dielectrophoretic Trapping and Nanopore SensingFreedman KJ Crick CR Albella P Barik A
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 3 (6), 1036-1044.
18-05-2016
Ambipolar Transport in Solution-Synthesized Graphene NanoribbonsGao J Uribe-Romo FJ Saathoff JD Arslan H Crick CR Hein SJ Itin B Dichtel WR
Acs Nano,
American Chemical Society vol. 10 (4), 4847-4856.
26-04-2016
Copper-based water repellent and antibacterial coatings by aerosol assisted chemical vapour depositionOzkan E Taylor A Allan E
Chemical Science,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 7 (8), 5126-5131.
01-01-20162015
Self-Assembled Spherical Supercluster Metamaterials from Nanoscale Building BlocksTurek VA Francescato Y Cadinu P Crick CR Elliott L Chen Y Ivanov AP Velleman L et al.
Acs Photonics,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 3 (1), 35-42.
08-12-2015
Fabrication of optimized oil–water separation devices through the targeted treatment of silica meshesCrick CR Parkin IP
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials,
Taylor & Francis vol. 16 (5)
22-10-2015
Selectively Sized Graphene-Based Nanopores for in Situ Single Molecule SensingCrick CR Sze JYY Rosillo-Lopez M Salzmann CG
Acs Applied Materials & Interfaces,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 7 (32), 18188-18194.
04-08-2015
Robust self-cleaning surfaces that function when exposed to either air or oilLu Y Sathasivam S Song J Crick CR Carmalt CJ Parkin IP
Science,
American Association For The Advancement of Science (Aaas) vol. 347 (6226), 1132-1135.
06-03-2015
Advanced analysis of nanoparticle composites – a means toward increasing the efficiency of functional materialsCrick CR Noimark S Peveler WJ Bear JC Ivanov AP
Rsc Advances,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 5 (66), 53789-53795.
01-01-2015
A physicochemical investigation of ionic liquid mixturesClough MT Crick CR Gräsvik J Hunt PA Niedermeyer H Whitaker OP
Chemical Science,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 6 (2), 1101-1114.
01-01-20152014
Precise Attoliter Temperature Control of Nanopore Sensors Using a Nanoplasmonic BullseyeCrick CR Albella P Ng B Ivanov AP Roschuk T Maier SA
Nano Letters,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 15 (1), 553-559.
08-12-2014
Superhydrophobic silica wool—a facile route to separating oil and hydrophobic solvents from waterCrick CR Bhachu DS
Science and Technology of Advanced Materials,
Taylor & Francis vol. 15 (6)
01-12-20142013
Superhydrophobic Surfaces as an On-Chip Microfluidic Toolkit for Total Droplet ControlDraper MC Crick CR Orlickaite V Turek VA
Analytical Chemistry,
American Chemical Society (Acs) vol. 85 (11), 5405-5410.
20-05-2013
Superhydrophobic polymer -coated copper-mesh; membranes for highly efficient oil–water separationCrick CR Gibbins JA Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (19), 5943-5948.
01-01-2013
Relationship between surface hydrophobicity and water bounces – a dynamic method for accessing surface hydrophobicityCrick CR Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (3), 799-804.
01-01-2013
A general method for the incorporation of nanoparticles into superhydrophobic films by aerosol assisted chemical vapour depositionCrick CR Bear JC Southern P
Journal of Materials Chemistry A,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 1 (13), 4336-4344.
01-01-20132012
Superhydrophobic Photocatalytic Surfaces through Direct Incorporation of Titania Nanoparticles into a Polymer Matrix by Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor DepositionCrick CR Bear JC
Advanced Materials,
Wiley vol. 24 (26), 3505-3508.
18-06-20122011
Aerosol Assisted Depositions of Polymers Using an Atomiser Delivery SystemCrick CR Clausen-Thue V Parkin IP
Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology. vol. 11 (9), 8358-8362.
01-09-2011
An investigation into bacterial attachment to an elastomeric superhydrophobic surface prepared via aerosol assisted depositionCrick CR Ismail S Pratten J
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 519 (11), 3722-3727.
01-03-2011
Superhydrophobic silica films on glass formed by hydrolysis of an acidic aerosol of tetraethylorthosilicateCrick CR Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 21 (25), 9362-9366.
01-01-2011
Water droplet bouncing—a definition for superhydrophobic surfacesCrick CR
Chemical Communications,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 47 (44), 12059-12061.
01-01-2011
CVD of copper and copper oxide thin films via the in situ reduction of copper(ii) nitrate—a route to conformal superhydrophobic coatingsCrick CR Parkin IP
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 21 (38), 14712-14716.
01-01-2011
Aerosol assisted deposition of melamine-formaldehyde resin: Hydrophobic thin films from a hydrophilic materialCrick CR
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 519 (7), 2181-2186.
01-01-20112010
The combinatorial atmospheric pressure chemical vapour deposition (cAPCVD) of a gradating substitutional/interstitial N-doped anatase TiO2 thin-film; UVA and visible light photocatalytic activitiesKafizas A Crick C Parkin IP
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a Chemistry,
Elsevier vol. 216 (2-3), 156-166.
01-12-2010
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Super‐Hydrophobic SurfacesCrick CR Parkin IP
Cheminform,
Wiley vol. 41 (26), no-no.
08-06-2010
Superhydrophobic polymer films via aerosol assisted deposition — Taking a leaf out of nature's bookCrick CR
Thin Solid Films,
Elsevier vol. 518 (15), 4328-4335.
01-05-2010
Preparation and Characterisation of Super‐Hydrophobic SurfacesCrick CR
Chemistry - a European Journal,
Wiley vol. 16 (12), 3568-3588.
16-03-20102009
A single step route to superhydrophobic surfaces through aerosol assisted deposition of rough polymer surfaces: duplicating the lotus effectCrick CR
Journal of Materials Chemistry,
Royal Society of Chemistry (Rsc) vol. 19 (8), 1074-1076.
01-01-2009
Porous sulfur polymers for effective aqueous-phase organic contaminant removal – a low-cost sustainable materialCrick C Diniz V Bear J Rath S
In
Research Square